Jethro Tull, 1674-1741

It’s funny the way popular culture can inform our historical interests and discoveries.  While searching for something to post for the Instagram challenge #ArchivesHarvest, I was immediately attracted by the name Jethro Tull in the 600s’ Dewey section of our vault.  And it is here that I discovered that more than a seventies progressive rock band,  Jethro Tull was in fact a central figure who helped set the foundation of the eighteenth century revolution in agriculture.

 

This revolution, which had its origins in Britain, took over one hundred years to come to fruition. Tull first published his seminal work, The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry: or, an, essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation. Wherein is shewn a method of introducing a sort of vineyard-culture into the corn-fields, in order to increase their product, and diminish the common expense; by the use of instruments described in cuts, in 1733, and although his seed drill was largely denounced in England, it was however immediately adopted by colonists in New England. In terms of Tull’s theories and Britain’s failure to adopt them, it was especially disagreeable that Tull rejected the need to use manure to enrich soil.

There are several reasons why the agricultural revolution came about, policies like the Enclosure movement as well as discoveries in crop rotation, but it was invention of machines like the seed drill that were the major catalyst. Not until the 1800s did British farmers finally adopt Tull’s theories, leaving behind the ancient method of hand broadcasting which consisted of farmers randomly throwing seeds in a field, hoping for them to take root.  This method and its glaring inefficiencies was what had initially motivated Tull to invent his rotary system, and in addition to the seed drill, he also developed the horse drawn hoe and an improved plough.

This book “approved and recommended” by the Dublin Society, known now as the Royal Dublin Society (RDS), was part of a concerted effort to build up Ireland’s economy. The Society, which was founded in 1731, just two years prior to the publication of this book, was created to improve Ireland’s “husbandry, manufacture and the useful arts.” Resources like this one represent one of the important ways in which the Society helped disseminate information regarding new breakthroughs in science and technology. The audience would obviously be landed, literate, men with the means to buy an expensive book like this.

 

This is just one of many primary resources on farming and agriculture housed at the Sutro Library. If you are interested in looking at any of our rare materials, please give us two business days.

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In Search of Gung-Gung

[The following entry is from guest blogger, Mike Wong, a student at SF State University. He supplied all the text and images that follow.]

Having heard the same story every year of my grandpa going into “the wrong branch of the armed forces,” I decided to make it my mission to research more about my grandpa, more than any other person in my family has before. I decided to undertake this research this semester and the process on finding more information about my grandpa rapidly advanced from a casual story into a much more intriguing story I would have ever imagined.

Gung-Gung in his youth, in his Navy Uniform

Given the resources I had, one major website that blew open the doors for me was Ancestry.com. The Sutro Library gave me free access to Ancestry.com, and after a quick dive into my family’s heritage, I uncovered much more information, more information than I needed quite frankly. Initially I thought I was going to cover the basics of my grandpa and his time in the military, but with the grind of research, I found much more about my family than just my grandpa.

Before doing hours of research in the Sutro, I conducted an oral interview with my grandma and my dear great-Aunt. During the interview, I called them the way I always called them growing up, for my grandma I call her “Paw-Paw” because in the Chinese culture that is what you call a grandma on the mother side, and Aunty Virginia, is a standard name for Aunts, and I would ask them questions about Gung-Gung. The term “Gung-Gung” means grandpa on the mother side in the Chinese culture.

When talking to Paw-Paw, I had focused my questions more towards after the war, and more of the solid facts. They were primarily Why type of questions, I had asked those because my grandmother would give more detailed answers as if it was from a textbook. When it came to Aunty Virginia, I had to change my questions up a little bit because she knew Gung-Gung longer, and more on a family basis rather than a soldier basis from my grandmother. While interviewing my Aunt I had asked her a lot more What and How style questions, which would enable answers to a more personal basis. In the end of both interviews, in their closing statements they had admitted that they are thankful for me doing this interview. Both of them had a lot of sympathy for Gung-Gung and his time on Earth, and yet they were proud. They were both proud because they got to reminisce of a good man, an even better brother, a soldier who sacrificed blood sweat and tears for this nation, and most importantly, a loving hero to three children and six grandchildren.

From Left to Right, Anna (Paw-Paw, grandma, wife of Gung-Gung), me, Aunty Virginia (sister of Gung-Gung)

After the oral interview with both my grandma and my Aunt, my knowledge of Gung-Gung was considered minimal for the amount of information I received. For example I found out that my grandpa went through an infamous typhoon in the pacific, and I also found out how far my grandpa went in his personal education. Granted I did learn a lot about his time in the armed forces, I feel like I learned more about him outside of the military. I found out where he lived before he met my grandma, I found out the location of his little mom and pop liquor store was, and I even found out who he was related to. There is an all-important family member I have always heard of, but I always end up overlooking. Through research and asking around internally I found out that my grandpa’s grandfather’s sister had a son, and that son was the local Oakland judge Delbert Earl Wong, the first Chinese American Judge in the United States of America.

Delbert E. Wong (young)

Because my research lead me more towards Delbert, I decided to see where this would take me. I had found out that Delbert was the son of Alice Mar Wong and Earl Wong. Alice Wong was the sister of Cuyler Sr (great-Grandpa). Cuyler Sr. had three children, the oldest was Gung-Gung, who was named Cuyler Jr, the middle son named Gavin (he passed away from leukemia in the year 1973) and the youngest was a daughter he named Virginia. To my understanding on Delbert’s side of the family, Earl is the one who married into the family. Earl and Alice got married in Fresno County on May 20, 1919, by a man named John Freeman Mills. It is logged in the Fresno County certificates in volume 38, on page 345. According to the official California passenger and crew list for 1882-1959,  Earl was coming back from Hong Kong via SS President Coolidge on May 23, 1935 but nobody accompanied him. He was 37 years old and married to Alice and had two kids, Delbert and Ervin.  Less than a month later, the same source listed Alice coming back to California from Hong Kong as well, on June 11, 1935, and with Delbert accompanying her.  Alice’s age was 34 making Delbert 15 years old.

The question that arises is Where was Erwin in all of this? and why didn’t they travel as a single unit? Well to conclude the latter question, my theory behind that is Alice had to come back separately from Earl because of a federal act that was in play at the time. This act called the Expatriation Act of 1907, was a law that forced American women to lose their nationality and citizenship if they married an alien. With the Expatriation Act of 1907 in play, I am theorizing it is the reason why Alice had to come back separate (but not divorced) from Earl and with Delbert. This would explain also why I found accounts of Alice’s naturalization papers on Ancestry.com. Naturalization papers were forms an individual has to fill out to become a citizen in the United States back then. The question remains of where Erwin was during this time. One thing that doesn’t connect is that Erwin, born a US citizen, should’ve been 10 years old when Alice and the family moved back to California.

With all this research on my family heritage, including Gung-Gung’s military time and cousin Delbert, questions still arise. Some questions that come to mind are, how close was Gung-Gung to Delbert?, What were the military ID numbers, ranks, and where were they stationed? Did Delbert see any action in the war?, or Did Gung-Gung do anything in the war that made a huge impact, and Delbert as well? The list of questions can be endless, and I believe that I just scratched the tip of the iceberg, and that there is many more routes I can go down in doing my genealogy.

For future investigation (and if time permits) I know that the archives in Saint Louis would be a great place to start, I could conduct research in the pentagon and get through all the public information because I am family. I could also investigate locally in the N.A.R.A (National Archives and Records Administration) in San Bruno. To investigate further into Gung-Gung, I could dive deeper into a database called fold3 and look up WWII US Navy Muster Rolls. From there I could look into which ship my grandpa was on and what rank he was.

As for Delbert, I could always contact Stanford University and UCLA to look up his school records, as well as try to find out what laws and projects he had worked on while being part of the Judicial system and California State Legislature.

In conclusion, although I wanted more information about Gung-Gung, my research time in the Sutro Library lead me down a different path, a path that I wasn’t expecting. I had a goal coming into this research project looking to find more about the military presence of Gung-Gung but it ended up being more directed towards my first cousin, twice removed cousin Delbert Earl Wong, the first Chinese-American judge in America.

Gung-Gung (in the blue shirt with yellow flowers), surrounded with the upcoming two generations

Although I’m proud of my connection and family heritage associated with Delbert, I am still interested in finding out more about my grandpa.

Gung-Gung with the one he loves the most, Anna or Paw-Paw

During the closing thoughts portion of the interview with Aunty Virginia, she had mentioned a wise line to live by, and I would like to share it. Aunty Virginia had said “Do the best you can, and keep your nose clean. Do what you’re expected to do, and don’t get into any trouble.”

Gung-Gung with his one and only sister Virginia

–Michael Wong, SFSU History undergraduate class of 2019, student in SFSU History #405, History of Maritime Class

 

List of Resources Consulted via Ancestry.com:

California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959 for Alice Wong

California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959 for Earl Wong

California, County Birth, Marriage, & Death Records, 1849-1980 for Early Quong Wong

Delbert Earl Wong in the U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947

1940 United States Federal Census for Earl Wong

Alice Mar Wong in the U.S., Find A Grave Index, 1600s-Current

Earl Q Wong in the U.S., Find A Grave Index, 1600s-Current

Erwin Wong in the U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995

Ervin Wong in the U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947

 

 

 

 

 

Monsters of the Deep

October brings us to the season of Halloween and spooky monster tales. While it would be easy to do a blog post on something written by the master of scary, Edgar Allen Poe, I thought I would take a different approach and focus on the mythical sea monsters found on some of our 16^th and 17^th century maps.

Since ancient times, sailors have told stories of fierce and hideous animals found in the ocean’s depths.  As much of the ocean’s ecosystem was hidden and still a bit of a mystery, it is not surprising that sailor’s tales of sea monsters made an impression on the Medieval and Early Modern mind, with early cartographers incorporating these accounts into their maps.

What is interesting to me about the monsters found on our maps is how they are familiar to my eyes and yet gruesomely different. The drawings take animals that I have seen before—like a whale or dolphin– and then add some exaggerated characteristic that turns them into something terrifying.

For example, this seemingly fierce, but normal looking fish from the front, just happens to have a snake-like tail added on:

From: Thomas Gage, A New Survey of the West-India’s (1655), call number F1409 G34 1655

Or this vicious but otherwise common-looking shark happens to have a multi-finned tail:

From: Thomas Gage, A New Survey of the West-India’s (1655), call number F1409 G34 1655

Another example can be found in Theodor de Bry’s Vivae Imagines et Ritvs Incolarvm (1590), where we find what appears to be a large whale with two spouts and a snake-like tail:

From: Theodor de Bry’s Vivae Imagines et Ritvs Incolarvm (1590), call number E141 .B798 1590

And another two spouted whale is spotted again in Theodor de Bry’s Americae pars Decima (1619):

From: Theodor de Bry’s Americae pars Decima (1619), call number 910.8 B91 vol. 2

I found a fish almost as big as Cuba in that same volume:

From: Theodor de Bry’s Americae pars Decima (1619), call number 910.8 B91 vol. 2

Lastly, this creature appears to have a spout but his head resembles that of a cow:

From: Hispaniae Novae Nova Descriptio, 1592, mapG33

If you are curious to learn more about monsters found in antiquarian maps, you can follow #MapMonsterMonday on twitter or check out these two books at your local library:

Sea Monsters on Medieval and Renaissance Maps by Chet Van Duzer, and Sea Monsters: A Voyage around the World’s Most Beguiling Map, by Joseph Nigg.

This post was inspired by SF State University’s Sarah Crabtree’s History 405 Maritime History class which explores the history of the ocean and our relationship with it.

Have a great October!

This post and all of the images are by Mattie Taormina, Director, Sutro Library.

 

Cataloging & Conserving What They Carried: The Geneva Bible

Next month’s #SFArchivesCrawl‘s theme is Im(migration) and Indigenous Voices of California.  We at the Sutro Libray have decided to focus on the things that travelers brought with them when they traveled. We have many physical reminders of people’s past journeys: government documents, diaries, maps, guidebooks, letters, and books.  One item that traveled relates strongly to the upcoming 400th anniversary of the Mayflower‘s voyage and colonization of the area known today as New England.

The participants of the Mayflower journey are credited with taking a particular version of the Bible with them to the new world. It’s known as the Geneva Bible, in honor of the very active community of Protestants in the city where it was printed. It predates the more famous King James Version (which Sutro also has) and continued to be produced for some years before being practically supplanted.

The Sutro Library owns a 1582 imprint of the bible which was originally printed in 1560. This later printing demonstrates two significant differences from the earlier one. The first printing was printed in Roman type, while our version is printed in black-letter. However, the more commonly ascribed difference is the use of the word ‘breeches’ to describe the plant based clothing Adam and Eve used to cover themselves.  This printed edition among Geneva Bibles is known as the Breeches Bible.

There were multiple additional features which appeared in the printed text. Glosses, illustrations and more gave the reader a more direct understanding of the scriptures. In this period literacy and printing was empowering individuals to make decisions about their own faiths and directly challenged the authority of the priestly classes.

Our book includes 3 other works: Whole Booke of Psalms, printed in 1581; Concordances, printed in 1582; and the Book of Common Prayer, printed in 1582.

As you can imagine, cataloging a work of this historical importance and complexity is a significant challenge. Have a look at the deluge of notes in the record:

The devil is in the details, so without the careful work of an expert cataloging librarian, researchers would lack the information they need to identify materials of interest remotely. We are most grateful to our expert cataloger, Dan Taysom, for creating this amazing record for this special item.

Another perennial problem is condition. After 436 years of use, anyone would look a bit tired! We sent the volume in its tattered state to a professional conservator for treatment. Our priority as custodians is to ensure that materials continue to be accessible for hundreds of years into the future.

Here is the bible before conservation treatment:

As you can see, the way the binding is damaged makes it very difficult to use. Handling a book in this condition will often result in further damage. It’s the conservator’s job to stabilize the binding, effect any necessary or integral repairs, but not necessarily hide the repairs or erase some of the books history. Restoration is the process of making something old look like-new. Conservation is the process of stabilizing something so that it will be usable, but maintaining whatever features have been added or changes which have occurred over time.

Here is the bible after treatment:

If you’d like to see this bible, or any other items from Adolph Sutro’s rare book collection, please email sutro@library.ca.gov or call 415-469-6100 to schedule an appointment. Make sure you mention the call number for this book: BS170 1582.

We wish to thank the California State Library Foundation for funding the conservation work on this bible and Sarah Elson of Sarah Elson Bookbinding, Menlo Park, for the pictures submitted for this article and for her outstanding conservation work.

[This article was written by Sutro Library Librarian, Colyn Wohlmut, who has since assumed a new position at another institution. We wish her every success!]

Yes, Bookworms Are a Real Thing

It didn’t occur to me that some people, perhaps even most people, who hear the term “bookworm” think it is only a metaphor for someone who reads voraciously.  When I recently showed my teenage daughter a couple of pictures of bookworm tracks in books from the Sutro Library vault, she exclaimed, “Wait, bookworms are a real thing?” I realized then that the cute animations popularizing bookworm-themed games and the affectionate nickname we might give to someone who is, yet again, lost in a novel, have superseded the reality of these insidious little borers.  So I told my daughter that unfortunately, as anyone who works with old books knows, the answer is, “Yes, bookworms are a real thing.”

The pictures I showed my daughter were of bookworm tracks that resembled a rabbit and an ostrich.

 

However, there is actually nothing amusing about the damage that bookworms cause.  They tunnel through books, at times all the way from front cover to back, leaving holes on every page.  Or they carve meandering tracks across pages, obscuring text, weakening bindings, and leaving the paper vulnerable to tearing.  A few times I’ve come across a small, grey desiccated lump at the end of one of these tracks:

a very old, and very dead, bookworm.

A quick look at Wikipedia tells me that “bookworm” is a generic term for any insect that bores through books.  The actual culprits are not really worms at all but most likely beetles or beetle larvae, attracted by leather bindings or the wooden shelves the books are kept on.  There are also such creatures as book lice, tiny little devils who dine on mold and other organic matter found in the books – in other words, the kind of organic matter that thrives whenever books are kept in damp, dark places and are left undisturbed for long periods of time.

Happily, modern binding techniques have made new bookworm damage rare, hence my daughter’s surprise to discover that bookworms are, or were, an actual scourge.  But books that have already suffered damage require special care.  At the Sutro Library, librarians are able to keep old and rare books and materials in a climate-controlled vault where temperature and humidity are regulated to prevent mold or insects from flourishing. In addition, books that have weakened bindings or vulnerable pages are encased in so-called phase boxes, which give them extra protection.  And the library has strict rules against bringing in any food or drinks, which might attract insects and cause future damage.

So next time you hear the word “bookworm,” spare a thought for the injured books in Sutro’s collection, but be comforted knowing that the books are now being expertly stored and protected.

 

This post and all of the images are by Isabel Breskin, intrepid Sutro Volunteer.

Why we make war: Part II

Why do we make peace?

 

John Locke proposed that humans, possessing free will and reason, do not naturally need to harm one another or themselves. Sutro’s copy of Two Treatises of Government was printed 1772, a time in which Locke’s doctrines were gaining popularity, particularly in the American Colonies. The Second Treatise declared that men are created equal, possess free will, reason and a natural liberty subordinate only to God in the state of nature, thus contravening Hobbes’s bleak view of human nature. Further, Locke determined “the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that because we are all equal and independent, no-one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” (Second Treatise, chapter 2).

Locke conjures much of the American philosophy of liberty in Second Treatise on Government including the protection of citizens’ rights from government overreach. Thomas Jefferson wrote that Locke’s arguments were of the utmost influence.[1] Some individuals who viewed the first draft of the Declaration of Independence actually considered the Declaration copied from Locke’s Treatise on Government.[2]

Two Treatises of Government: Sutro Library; Vault; 302L

 

Immanuel Kant’s 1795 book, To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, championed republican constitutions, economic trade, and a federation of democratic institutions that together would deliver an everlasting peace.  Because nations exist in anarchy without a central authority (the natural condition of nations), peace must be imposed by a federation of democratic nations, which Kant referred to as a “League of Nations”.  Perpetual Peace so strongly influenced President Woodrow Wilson during the World War I that Wilson proposed establishing a League of Nations as part of his 1918 plan for an equitable peace in Europe following the war.[3]  Wilson’s plan was popular among exhausted nations and populations, but the American ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and its First Covenant establishing the League proved too difficult politically to the isolationist United States.

The United States never joined the League and thus, the League never achieved its full capability. John Maynard Keynes’ book, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) stated Wilson was revered by Europeans as a guardian of the hopes of mankind.

“The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States”

Peoples, as states, like individuals, may be judged to injure one another merely by their coexistence in the state of nature (i.e., while independent of external laws). Each of them, may and should for the sake of its own security demand that the others enter with it into a constitution similar to the civil constitution, for under such a constitution each can be secure in his right. This would be a league of nations, but it would not have to be a state consisting of nations.

-Kant, Perpetual Peace, Second Article

To Perpetual Peace  Sutro Library; Vault; JX1946.K36 S6

David Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature can be found in first edition in the Sutro Library. Hume views humans as possessing “natural” virtues which are inherently social. We have an original instinct orienting us towards pleasure and away from pain,  what Hume referred to as “good or evil” passions and that  there are various human motives, including a “regard to justice, and abhorrence or villainy and knavery,” self-love, and “regard to the publick[sic] interest.” According to Hume, only civilized humans possess these motives while humans in their “rude and more natural condition” do not.[4]

Hume argues that government serves the public interest by “preserv[ing] order and concord in society.”  Promise-keeping is a human invention needed for social cooperation, and government is a human invention for enforcing such practices and thereby preserving social order. Promise breaking and anti-government actions run against the common interest. The similarities between individuals and entire nations yield the same laws of nature.[5]

Treatise on Human Nature  Sutro Library; Vault; 192H

Whether war and peace are the result of a primal drive within, or something we create as a result of civilization and progress, hopefully these extraordinary volumes from the Sutro collection highlight the philosophical arguments concerning these timeless questions.

 

Work Cited

 

Bassani, Luigi Marco. Life, Liberty, and…: Jefferson on Property Rights. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 18. Number 1. Winter 2004, pp. 31-87. mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/18_1_2.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2018.

Gill, Michael. Hume’s Progressive View of Human Nature. Hume Studies, Volume XXVI, Number 1. April 2000. humesociety.org/hs/issues/v26n1/gill/gill-v26n1.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2018.

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill. Leviathan : sive, De materia, forma, & potestate civitatis ecclesiasticae et civilis;  authore Thomas Hobbes, Malmesburiensi. Revised Latin edition, London, dated 1668. Sutro Vault ; 192 H68l. 20.5cm.

 

Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects. London, Printed for John Noon, 1739-40, first edition. Sutro Vault 192H. 21cm.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. The Thomas Jefferson
Memorial Association, Washington, D. C., 1904, Vol. XV, p. 462, in a letter to James Madison on August 30, 1823. wallbuilders.com/john-locke-deist-theologian/#edn5. Accessed May 29, 2018.

Kant, Immanuel. To Perpetual Peace. Por la paz perpetua; traducción de Rafael Montestruc. Sopena House, appeared March 1905.    Sutro Vault  JX1946.K36 S6. 17cm.

 

Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace.  New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. Sutro Vault 341.2 K.  21cm.

Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. L. K. Whiston, 1772. Sutro Vault 302L.  22cm.

 

Machiavelli, Niccolò. Art of War in Seven Books with notes by a gentleman of the state of New York.  Albany, Printed by H. C. Southwick, 1815. Sutro Vault U101 .M17. unk cm.

 

Paret, Peter, Editor. Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age.  Princeton University Press, 1986, pg. 27.

 

Thucydides. Eight bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre; Written by Thucydides, the sonne of Olorus; interpreted with faith and diligence immediately out of the Greeke by Thomas Hobbes. 1628. Sutro’s imprint by Richard Mynn, 1634. Sutro Vault 888.2  T. 35cm.

[1] Jefferson, Thomas. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. (Washington, D. C.: The Thomas Jefferson
Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. XV, p. 462, in a letter to James Madison on August 30, 1823. wallbuilders.com/john-locke-deist-theologian/#edn5.  Accessed May 29, 2018.

[2] Bassani, Luigi Marco. Life, Liberty, and…: Jefferson on Property Rights. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 18. No. 1 (Winter 2004), pp. 31-87. mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/18_1_2.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2018. Cites Jefferson letter to James Madison on August 30, 1823.

[3] US State Department. history.state.gov/ milestones/1914-1920/league. Accessed May 29, 2018.

[4] humesociety.org/hs/issues/v26n1/gill/gill-v26n1.pdf

[5] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature

Why we war?

Why we make war & make peace – Sutro Library exhibit War in the Archives through August 20, 2018, in commemoration of the 1918 Armistice.

First of Two Parts:

Is war inevitable? Can nations and people get along? Do we make war when diplomacy fails, or is conflict an intrinsic part of human nature? Since the beginning of written history, various schools of thought have debated the causes.  In honor of the 100^th anniversary of the Armistice of 1918, the Sutro has arranged a superb exhibit on war and peace at the library. We will post another entry in August highlighting themes from the exhibit.

For our first installment, our volunteer Craig Kelliher, takes a look at the historically relevant discourse surrounding the questions, “Why we make war” and “Why we make peace.”

Some philosophers and numerous political realists believe humans cannot help themselves from taking up arms,  we are hard-wired to do so. Others argue such pessimistic perspectives overlook the cooperative elements of human nature. In International Relations theory, Classical Realism is built on the pyramid of the ancient Greek historian Thucydides, Renaissance Italian Niccolò Machiavelli and seventeenth century English theorist Thomas Hobbes.  Realists maintain a fatalistic view of human nature, believe relations between nations are competitive and conflictual, value national security and survival as primary goals of the state, and are skeptical about progress in international cooperation beyond a state’s self-interest.

On the other side of the disputation are views that people are social and tend to cooperate with one another. John Locke, Immanuel Kant and David Hume believed in free will, reason, and naturally sociability. These beliefs are constitutional incentives towards peace and cooperation among individuals, societies and nations.

On “Why we make war”

Thucydides ranks among the first historians. In the years up to 400BC, Thucydides recorded The History of The Peloponnesian War, spending 27 years systematically registering first-hand accounts of dialogue and conflict between Athens and Sparta. In witness of what he described as the natural reality of unequal power among nations, Thucydides realized that nations must recognize their relative position and act accordingly. Decisions and actions carry consequences, therefore leaders must behave with “deference to one’s superiors,” and with moderation towards inferior powers, resulting in logic based self-preservation. This dynamic makes for an international system governed only by power and nation states’ relative positions within it. Thereby, Thucydides provides the basis for describing the international system as “anarchy” — lacking an overarching world government. Thucydides makes no accommodation for a celestial deity governing human behavior or morality. He includes sections on military technology, in particular, engaging sieges and naval warfare.

Thomas Hobbes translated Thucydides’ The History of the Peloponnesian War from the original Greek in 1628 (Sutro’s imprint is dated 1634). This translation informed many of Hobbes’s own philosophies. While Thucydides defended the power of democracy, Hobbes highlighted the weakness of democracy as evidenced by the fall of the democratic Greek empire, in his subsequent writings.

Hobbes’ The Leviathan (Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill), is a pillar of philosophical works describing the human “state of nature” as perpetually at war, in a world in which anarchy reigns, and with every human endangered by the actions of others. A person and a commonwealth’s primary motivations are self-interest and survival. Hobbes describes the natural pre-civilized human condition as ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.’ The way to avoid this natural condition is through a strong and united government. Unfortunately, each nation-state exists in competition with others creating a similarly uncivilized ‘state of nature’ among nations, referred to as the “Security Dilemma” among modern theorists.  The Leviathan was banned for a variety of reasons; foremost was Hobbes’s suggestion, perhaps inspired by Thucydides that sovereigns rule by consent of the governed, not by divine right, which angered monarchs, royalists and the church. In this revised Latin version printed 1668, Hobbes writes “auctoritas non veritas facit legem”, meaning “authority, not truth, makes law.”

The Leviathan: Sutro Library; Vault; 192 H68l

Niccolò Macchiavelli’s Art of War was his only political treatise published during his lifetime. The Prince, first published in 1532, is more broadly read, offering a head of state lessons in attaining success through power and scheming. Art of War outlines military strategies and the rules of warfare to military commanders. It is considered his masterwork. Taken together, Machiavelli posits the why and the how of nations engaging as enemies.  The Prince‘s infamy lies in the lesson that the ends justify the means; Art of War proffers the argument that war is the inevitable result when diplomacy fails.  You will find a copy of Art of War in Thomas Jefferson’s Library at the Library of Congress.

Art of War in Seven Books with notes by a gentleman of the state of New York, 1815.  Sutro Library; Vault; U101 .M17

Work Cited

Bassani, Luigi Marco. Life, Liberty, and…: Jefferson on Property Rights. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 18. Number 1. Winter 2004, pp. 31-87. mises-media.s3.amazonaws.com/18_1_2.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2018.

Gill, Michael. Hume’s Progressive View of Human Nature. Hume Studies, Volume XXVI, Number 1. April 2000. humesociety.org/hs/issues/v26n1/gill/gill-v26n1.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2018.

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill. Leviathan : sive, De materia, forma, & potestate civitatis ecclesiasticae et civilis;  authore Thomas Hobbes, Malmesburiensi. Revised Latin edition, London, dated 1668. Sutro Vault ; 192 H68l. 20.5cm.

Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects. London, Printed for John Noon, 1739-40, first edition. Sutro Vault 192H. 21cm.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. The Thomas Jefferson
Memorial Association, Washington, D. C., 1904, Vol. XV, p. 462, in a letter to James Madison on August 30, 1823. wallbuilders.com/john-locke-deist-theologian/#edn5. Accessed May 29, 2018.

Kant, Immanuel. To Perpetual Peace. Por la paz perpetua; traducción de Rafael Montestruc. Sopena House, appeared March 1905.      Sutro Vault  JX1946.K36 S6. 17cm.

Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace.  New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. Sutro Vault 341.2 K.  21cm.

Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. L. K. Whiston, 1772. Sutro Vault 302L.  22cm.

Machiavelli, Niccolò. Art of War in Seven Books with notes by a gentleman of the state of New York.  Albany, Printed by H. C. Southwick, 1815. Sutro Vault U101 .M17. unk cm.

Paret, Peter, Editor. Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age.  Princeton University Press, 1986, pg. 27.

Thucydides. Eight bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre; Written by Thucydides, the sonne of Olorus; interpreted with faith and diligence immediately out of the Greeke by Thomas Hobbes. 1628. Sutro’s imprint by Richard Mynn, 1634. Sutro Vault 888.2  T. 35cm.

Tales of a Telephone Book’s Repurpose

Phone books can be a great source of information for researchers. However, they were not built to last; their fate usually being they were thrown out once next year’s book landed at the door. Browsing San Francisco phone directories in the Sutro Library stacks, we chanced upon a bit of ephemera that a clever someone repurposed as a San Francisco history scrapbook. Within this San Francisco Telephone Directory of July 1, 1918, a previous owner pasted clippings from San Francisco newspapers.

Cover of the San Francisco Telephone Directory originally published 100 years ago on July 1, 1918.

Among the mementos are first publications of precious panoramic photos of the city, a color full page poster commemorating the 1894 Mid-Winter Fair, and San Francisco street histories by Edward A. Morphy, plus other bizarre and notable snippets from the Chronicle and San Francisco Call. The clippings have dates from the dawn of the new century up to 1928, including a few obituaries, a record always sought by genealogists.

While phone directories are sources of data, newspapers were fountains of information, opinion, correspondence and advertisement, as well as entertainment. You sense the responsibility of a reporter in their publishing of bona fide news stories, but in retelling tales of peculiarity they often express a joy of writing. The only mundane thing you could say of this scrapbook might be its original purpose as a phone directory, the stories adhered herein abound with wit and verve in their verbiage. Sam Clemens would be proud!

Whale of a Story

Whale tales in the telephone directory!

Collecting whale tales show the scrapbooker’s penchant for the smelly underbelly of the city. Another clipping, a possible follow up to Jonah’s tale, was found in a different section of the phone book. It describes the fire department’s task of incinerating a beached whale at Golden Gate Park. Under the headline “Mourners Stand Away Off at Last Sad Requiem Sobbed by Winds,” the writer finds the absurd comedy in an off-putting situation:

An elderly woman residing in one of the beach homes nearby, who came to the obsequies in a black mother hubbard, stood to windward of the pyre. Her handkerchief was pressed to her face. The linen luffed, and the lady gasped: “That’s my finish,” and she fled from the scene.

“The whale’s, too,” remarked a scoffer near her, pronouncing the words as if saying, “whale stew.”

The 1894 Mid-Winter Fair

Tucked in the midsection of this old school DIYer’s paper project is a full page, full color poster promoting a commemoration of the 1894 Mid-Winter Fair. A camel parades in front of stately buildings where crowds are milling in what must have been a spectacle. This was the year before Adolph Sutro was elected mayor of San Francisco. The fair was conceived as an antidote to the recession the city endured at the time.

 

A colorful poster promoting a commemoration of the 1894 Mid-Winter Fair.

 

Accompanying the poster is a recounting of Sandow the Strongman’s battle with Parnell, a lion who earned the sobriquet “killer lion” after attacking and killing its trainer, Carlo Thieman, while on exhibit with Daniel Boone’s Wild Animal Show.

Sandow the Strongman’s battle with Parnell, the Killer Lion.

Very little of the Fair remains, but we know Adolph Sutro rescued several attractions before they were destroyed. He relocated the Firth Wheel, the Haunted Swing, Scenic Railway as well as others to his plot of land between his train station and the Sutro Baths.[i] Thanks to our favorite benefactor, we can still enjoy the Camera Obscura at the Cliff House today.

 

Panorama pics of the city

In the years prior to the Mid-Winter Fair, a pair of panoramic photographs showcased how San Francisco grew expansively. One taken in 1855 from Telegraph Hill towards Marin; another from the early 1850s from Rincon Hill shows the bay reaching where Montgomery Street is now paved. You can see from the second stitched together photos that downtown was definitely part of the bay. Ships once floated where many offices are now!

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Street Stories

Local histories authored by Edward A. Morphy are pasted throughout the telephone directory.

If you are a fan of local San Francisco history, your engine will rev when you find your local ‘hood in one of Edward Morphy’s streetscapes. The scrapbooker saved a number of these celebrations of the city’s neighborhood pioneers and colorful residents. Below is a sample covering Bernal Heights.

Filed under Serendipity

The Sutro Library collection often reveals many surprises. Almost every day, we happen across discoveries like this phone book/scrapbook which is hundred years old as of today! Like a magician’s hat, you never know what’s inside that you weren’t expecting. Come on down and browse a while. We love it when you share your bizarre and serendipitous discoveries with us.

 

Craig Kelliher, one of Sutro Library’s wonderful volunteers, wrote this blog post.

 

Sources cited:

LaBounty, Woody. “Making Merry on Merrie Way.” Outsidelands.org Western Neighborhoods Project, 15 Dec.2011, accessed 27 June 2018. www.outsidelands.org/merrie-way2.php, archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20180627214324/http://outsidelands.org/merrie-way2.php.

The Legacy of Dr. Donald Hébert

The Father of Southwest Louisiana Genealogy

I first heard the name Hébert not long after beginning my new role as the Genealogy Librarian. A group of researchers traveled from Sacramento, braving the summer heat and Bay Area traffic as they embarked on a mission to trace their family history in the Sutro Library. Their objective: To research in the Louisiana section of the Genealogy Collection and, more specifically, to consult the Southwest Louisiana Records compiled and edited by the Reverend Donald J. Hébert.

Unbeknownst to me, it would not be the last time I would witness the awe and reverence expressed with the mere mention of the name Hébert.  Since that moment, now over a year ago, I must have heard, thought, and said his name a thousand times, as I began my own journey to learn more about this holy figure within the genealogy community. Along the way, I learned that Sutro Library was one of the few libraries on the West Coast to hold this invaluable, albeit incomplete, set, and for years – possibly decades – researchers have been coming to the Sutro Library to view these treasured volumes all while expressing their hopes for us to one day complete the set. Well, that day has finally come.

This 52 volume set contains information meticulously extracted from Southwest Louisiana church and courthouse records spanning two centuries, 1750s – 1950s, and covering thirteen parishes: Acadia, Allen, Beauregard, Calcasieu, Cameron, Evangeline, Iberia, Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Mary, and Vermillion. Occupying three shelves, the set is arranged chronologically with corrections and/or supplements found in later volumes. The abstracts include information on births, marriages, baptisms, deaths, and succession.  Researchers can also find parish histories, cattle brands, maps, tombstone inscriptions, court transcripts, and photocopies of original documents throughout the set.

 

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As a priest of the Diocese of Lafayette, Dr. Hébert was able to gain access to Catholic Church records. His original intent was to create a guide to the church and civil records of Southwest Louisiana enabling researchers to contact archives for complete information. Hébert was not alone on his pilgrimage. This endeavor required help from others including his secretary who transcribed the tapes Hébert recorded as he read each record, some so fragile they turned to dust in his hands. He also enlisted help from students who copied, indexed, and arranged the transcriptions into volumes.

All of the volumes are extraordinary resources that contain utterly unique information; however, the one volume worth noting is Volume 33. Not only was it the last volume we needed to complete the Sutro Library set, but it also contains abstractions of the “Records of Blacks (1765 – 1886)”. This is not the only volume that holds information needed to trace African American ancestry. Prior to the Civil War, the priests kept separate registers for whites and blacks, and these records were known to be accidentally intermixed into the wrong registers. Because of this, it is important to look throughout the set and not just at sections specifically related to these types of records. Volume 33 also contains an index of the sections found within volumes 1 – 33. For example, if researchers wanted to find out what else the set had on tracing African American ancestry, they will find a listing for “Introduction to Black Genealogy” located in Volume 2 which provides more details on the different parishes and their records.

Other tips for using this record set include:

• As with most resources, it is imperative to read the introduction. This is provided in most of the volumes, but not all of them, especially those published posthumously.
• Original records were written in French or Spanish so it is important to search for variations of the name. Inside each volume, the names are arranged alphabetically by the name’s translation. Some entries may even include the original name used in the record. A name variation table is provided at the beginning of Volume 1 and may prove useful for later volumes.
• Revisions of volume 1 (labeled as 1a and 1b) and volume 2 (labeled as 2a, 2b, and 2c) now have every name indexes whereas before researchers had to go through each section of each volume to find their ancestors. These revisions also provide more information eliminating the need for researchers to contact local archives.
• When looking at marriage records, remember to look up the names of BOTH the bride AND the groom as there may be vital details provided in one entry that are not found in the other.
• Lastly, make sure to check later volumes for corrections and supplements to earlier ones. While Hébert is considered an authoritative voice for Louisiana genealogy, even he admitted to making mistakes in the process of compiling his work.

 

By the time of his death on February 22, 2000, Hébert had published 96 titles. Sutro Library holds 55 titles authored by Hébert. Southwest Louisiana Records volume 42 was the last one of the set that he himself published. Claitor’s Law Books and Publishing Division released the remaining five volumes, already compiled by Hébert prior to his death. The publishing house is still looking for a priest who will continue Hébert’s noble crusade.

A memorial to Dr. Hébert in Volume 42, the last one he himself would publish.

One dedicated “Sutronian” (a researcher who frequents the Sutro Library) makes weekly trips to our reading room and is often found in front of one of our computers with a few of these volumes spread open beside her. After a long wait, we finally received our last volume and had it waiting at our reference desk upon her next visit. Her reaction was one full of joy and serves as a wonderful reminder of why I am a librarian.

It has been over 18 years since his death, and his absence in the genealogy community is still felt. What once took family historians and scholars years to research, now only takes a matter of hours thanks to the selfless work of Dr. Donald J. Hébert.

“I hope that the material found in these many volumes will be a source that guide other researchers to appreciate what our ancestors have left us—a documentation of their activities that reveals to us our connection with past generations.”

~Dr. Donald J. Hébert

Sutro Library is now the only library west of Salt Lake City to have a complete set of the Southwest Louisiana Records ensuring that Hébert’s wish is continuously fulfilled as researchers refer to these treasures bound in dark blue book cloth and etched with gold empowering them to connect with generations of the past.

Thank you to the California State Library Foundation for completing this set!

 

Access Note: These volumes can only be accessed within a branch of the California State Library. They are not eligible for InterLibrary Loan; however, upon request, they can be sent to the Sacramento location of the California State Library, if it is more convenient for a researcher to view them there. Sutro Library can also send scans in answer to known-item inquiries or provide look-ups on a case-by-case basis. 

Related resources available through the Sutro Library:

• Sacramental Records of the Roman Catholic Church of the Archdiocese of New Orleans by Earl C. Woods; Charles E. Nolan; and Dorenda Dupont, volumes 1 – 19 *Same access restrictions as stated above.

• Ancestry.com’s Southwest Louisiana, Death Index (1840 – 1906) created from the Southwest Louisiana Records and provides indexes of records for 7 out of the 13 parishes within Southwest Louisiana.

 

Dvorah Lewis
Genealogy & Local History Librarian

Sutro’s Genie Librarian @ JAMBOREE!

As I walked through the Burbank Airport Marriott and into their Convention Center, flashbacks from my first visit at the official convention for the TV series Xena, over six years ago, filled my mind, from running into Michael Hurst (aka Hercules’ sidekick Iolaus) in the elevator to gallivanting around in my warrior princess garb with my friends.

Quite a few times, I had to pull myself back to the present. Unlike XenaCon, this conference was for professional reasons: the annual genealogy conference hosted by the Southern California Genealogical Society known more commonly as Jamboree, which took place May 31^st-June 2^nd.  Instead of running into my favorite characters, I was running into well-known genealogists and speakers. I knew I’d create just as many fond memories now as I did back then.

On the very first day, there was a moment when an instructor asked me to speak a little bit about the California State Library resources. Many attendees gasped at the mention of the name, Sutro Library, while some had no idea that one of the largest genealogy collections in the country existed in their very own state. After the session, a few attendees crowded around asking me questions and getting my contact information. This gracious welcoming of the California State Library’s presence at the conference stayed with me the entire weekend.

If I had to pick the greatest thing I learned at Jamboree, it is how to correctly pronounce DAR as if it were spelled D.A.R., the acronym for the Daughters of the American Revolution. Or maybe it was the tidbit of information about the “x” near the person’s name in the 1940 census, which notes who gave the information to the recorder? All kidding aside, I learned so much during my time at the conference and in a way, I am still processing it all. I learned about better strategies for navigating resources, including the treasure trove of information in criminal records (many of us assume our ancestors were law-abiding citizens, but you’d be surprised); the functionality of GoogleEarth (overlaying historical maps or tracing the trends and change points of your FAN club, ie Friends/Family, Associates, and Neighbors); and the different ways to access the FamilySearch.org collections since the majority is not indexed (Tip: best way to search is through the Catalog).

I also took workshops that covered researching ancestors from various ethnic backgrounds, such as Eastern European or Spanish. The most interesting and informative were two separate talks by Janice Lovelace, one on Native American Genealogy and another on the Black Experience in the Revolutionary War.

I learned so much during this visit and can’t wait to use what I learned to help researchers embark and continue their genealogical journeys. All of this could not have been done without the generosity and support of the California State Library Foundation.

Dvorah Lewis
Genealogy & Local History Librarian